Which signal transduction pathway can activate NF-kB?

Which signal transduction pathway can activate NF-kB?

• A. Glycolytic pathway
• B. Wnt signaling pathway
• C. Toll-like receptor pathway
• D. Apoptotic pathway

Answer: (C)

The Toll-like receptor pathway is known to activate NF-kB, which is a crucial transcription factor involved in the immune response, inflammation, and cell survival. When Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are activated by various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), they initiate a cascade of signaling events inside the cell. This cascade often involves the recruitment of adaptors and kinases that lead to the phosphorylation and degradation of IκB proteins, which normally sequester NF-kB in the cytoplasm. Once IκB is degraded, NF-kB is released and translocated to the nucleus, where it binds to specific promoter regions of target genes, regulating their expression. This pathway is particularly important for innate immunity, as it helps in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the activation of various genes that contribute to the host defense mechanisms. The activation of NF-kB through this pathway underscores its role in mediating the body's response to infections and inflammation. In contrast, the glycolytic pathway primarily deals with energy production in cells and does not directly interact with NF-kB activation. The Wnt signaling pathway is more involved in developmental processes and regulating cell proliferation and differentiation, although it has indirect influences

The Toll-like receptor pathway is known to activate NF-kB, which is a crucial transcription factor involved in the immune response, inflammation, and cell survival. When Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are activated by various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), they initiate a cascade of signaling events inside the cell. This cascade often involves the recruitment of adaptors and kinases that lead to the phosphorylation and degradation of IκB proteins, which normally sequester NF-kB in the cytoplasm. Once IκB is degraded, NF-kB is released and translocated to the nucleus, where it binds to specific promoter regions of target genes, regulating their expression.

This pathway is particularly important for innate immunity, as it helps in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the activation of various genes that contribute to the host defense mechanisms. The activation of NF-kB through this pathway underscores its role in mediating the body's response to infections and inflammation.

In contrast, the glycolytic pathway primarily deals with energy production in cells and does not directly interact with NF-kB activation. The Wnt signaling pathway is more involved in developmental processes and regulating cell proliferation and differentiation, although it has indirect influences